FASS Staff Profile

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR TONG MUN WAI EDDIE
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT of PSYCHOLOGY

Appointment:
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Office:
AS4/02-09
Email:
psytmwe@nus.edu.sg
Tel:
65163654
Fax:
Homepage:
http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/psytmwe/
Tabs

Brief Introduction

BRIEF BIO

I received my Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Michigan in 2006. I joined NUS as an Assistant Professor on the same year and was promoted to Associate Professor with Tenure on 2011. I have received numerous teaching awards including NUS’s Honour Roll of Annual Teaching Excellence (2012-2017). My main area of expertise is emotion, with special focus on positive emotions and appraisal theories. I also examine religion processes. I publish widely in the key journals of several fields in Psychology, including Emotion Science, Social Psychology, Personality Psychology, Health Psychology, and Cognitive Science. In 2011, I was named a Rising Star in Psychology by the Association for Psychological Science (APS). In 2023, I was elected a Fellow of APS and a Fellow of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. I am an Associate Editor of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, and have been on the editorial board of several journals including Emotion and Motivation and Emotion. I am a Co-Director of NUS Social Service Research Centre.

EMPLOYMENT

2011–present  Associate Professor, National University of Singapore, Department of Psychology

2006–2011      Assistant Professor, National University of Singapore, Department of Psychology


EDUCATION

2006                Ph.D., University of Michigan, Social Psychology

2001                Masters of Arts, National University of Singapore

1998                Bachelor of Arts (2nd Upper Honours), National University of Singapore, Major: Psychology


Teaching Areas

CLASSES TAUGHT

- Social-Cognitive Perspective to Emotions (https://sg.news.yahoo.com/10-uber-cool-modules-different-033033124.html)

- Emotion in Daily Life

- Social Psychology: Theories and Methods

- Emotion and Social Cognition

- Lab in Social Psychology

- Social Cognition


Research Interests

My main research focus is emotion, with special interest on appraisal theory of emotion and positive emotions. As a secondary research area, I study religion and spirituality.

POSITIVE EMOTIONS

Since 2010, I have devoted much of my time to studying positive emotions. With the help of an able and dedicated team of students and expert collaborators, I have contributed papers on specific emotions/affective states such as hope (Tong, Fredrickson, Chang, & Lim, 2010), romantic love (Chan, Tong, Tan, & Joh, 2013), pride (Ho, Tong, & Jia, 2016), humility (Tong et al., 2016; Teo, Lim, & Tong, 2023; I believe humility has a feeling component), self-compassion (Yip & Tong, 2021), awe (Koh, Tong, & Yuen, 2017), and contentment (Chua et al., in-press). In addition, I have written papers that describe differences between several positive emotions (e.g. Tong, 2015; Tong & Jia, 2017) and mixed emotions (Oh & Tong, 2021, 2022). Related to these topics, my research also examines various processes related to well-being and mental health, such as mindfulness (e.g. Keng & Tong, 2016), purpose in life (Hartanto, et al., 2020), religion (Ramsay et al., 2019), and financial adequacy (Tong, Reddish, Oh, Ng, Sasaki, Chin, & Diener, 2022). Although my primary interest is positive emotions, I am also keen on studying the negative ones (e.g. Keng & Tong, 2016; Oh & Tong, 2020, HP; Yu, Bali, Tsikandilakis, & Tong, 2022).

A good portion of my work on positive emotions centers on gratitude. I have been testing a new idea called the social alignment perspective of gratitude, which describes how gratitude could shape a person's response to social forces. I have found consistent evidence to support this idea (Jia, Tong & Lee, 2014, Jia, Lee, & Tong, 2015; Ng, Tong, Sim, Teo, Loy, & Giesbrecht, 2017; Tong et al., 2021).

APPRAISAL THEORY

My Master's thesis (supervised by Prof. George Bishop) and Ph.D. dissertation (Prof. Phoebe Ellsworth) examined appraisal theories of emotion. Appraisal theories are a major theoretical framework that explain the elicitation, differentiation, and consequences of emotions by means of specific patterns of appraisals. I have contributed to developing appraisal theories in numerous directions. For instance, my work addressed non-conscious appraisal-emotion processes (Yang & Tong, 2010; Tong, Tan & Tan, 2013; Tong & Teo, 2018), non-linear appraisal-emotion relationships (Tong, Ellsworth, & Bishop, 2009; Tong & Tay, 2011), personality influences (Tong, 2010, JoP), sufficiency and necessity relations (Tong, 2010, C&E), differentiation of positive emotions (Tong, 2015; Tong & Jia, 2017), meta-appraisal confidence (Tong, Teo, & Chia, 2014), temporal trajectories of appraisals (Tong et al., 2009), and methodological precision in measuring appraisals (Tong et al., 2005), among others. My collaborators and I have also examined the appraisal profile of self-anger (Ellsworth & Tong, 2006), tested a novel construct called appraisal differentiation (Tong & Keng, 2017), and leveraged on appraisal theory to explicate the puzzle of whether income matters to emotional experience (Tong, Reddish, Oh, Ng, Sasaki, Chin, & Diener, 2022). In a recent paper with my former student, Vincent Oh, we apply appraisal theories to propose a theoretical framework to explain the differences and predict the effects of specific mixed emotions (Oh & Tong, 2022). Hence, my research tests the boundaries of appraisal theories and goes beyond examining appraisal structures to investigating complex appraisal-emotion processes.

RELIGION

I have a side interest - but one that I take seriously - on the psychology of religion and spirituality. I often wonder how people might respond under the influence of religion. History shows us that both good and bad things can come out of it. I have made modest headways by showing how religion or spirituality is related to risk assessment (Chan, Tong, & Tan, 2014), greater sensitivity to disgust (Yu, Bali, Tsikandilakis, & Tong, 2022), prosociality (Lin, Tong, Lee, Low, & Gomes, 2016), self-concept (Lin, Ramsay, Chan, Leow, Lim, & Tong, 2022), and emotion (Tong, 2017; Tong & Teo, 2018). A theme common to several of my findings is that religion appears to elicit a self-transcendental effect that reduces activation of self-concepts (Lin, Ramsay, Chan, Leow, Lim, & Tong, 2022), predicts self-trancendental positive emotions (Tong, 2017), and encourages prosocial responses (Lin, Ramsay, Chan, Leow, Lim, & Tong, 2022; Reddish & Tong, in-press). Relatedly, we found that religious individuals displayed heightened responses to immoral masked immoral images (Tsikandilakis et al., 2022). However, we are beginning to find some downsides, such as religiosity predicting parochial prosociality (put differently, helping some people but not others). More to come on this...


Publications

OTHERS

  • Publication (journal articles)

    Yeo, G, H., Lansford, J. E., Hirshberg, M. J., & Tong, E. M. W. (2023). Associations of childhood adversity with emotional well-being and educational achievement: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders.

    Leong, M. Q., Yu, Z., Tsikandilakis, M., & Tong, E. M. W. (in-press). “See no evil. Feel no evil?”: Exploring emotional responses to masked moral violations in religious and non-religious Singaporean Participants. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences.

    Chua, K-Q., Ng, R., Sung, C. L. Q., Hartanto, A., Oh, V. Y. S., & Tong, E. M. W. (in press). Emotion-specific effects of contentment on working memory capacity: Experimental and naturalistic evidence. Current Psychology.

    Chew, T-W, Ong, C. S-L., Oh, V. Y. S., & Tong, E. M. W. (in press). Does volunteering improve the psychosocial well-being of volunteers? Current Psychology.

    Oh, V. Y. S. & Tong, E. M.W. (2023). Mixed emotional variants of gratitude: Antecedent situations, cognitive appraisals, action tendencies, and psychosocial outcomes. Cognition and Emotion, 37(3), 572-585.

    Oh, V. Y. S., Ismail, I. B., & Tong, E. M. W. (in-press). Income Moderates Changes in Big-Five Personality Traits Across Eighteen Years. European Journal of Personality.

    Reddish, P., & Tong, E. M. W. (in-press). A longitudinal investigation of religious prosociality:  What predicts it and who benefits? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality.

    Teo, N. Q. X.,* Lim, T,* & Tong, E. M. W. (2023). The humble estimate: Humility predicts higher self-assessment accuracy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(1), 561-582. * shared first-authorship.

    Oh, V. Y. S. & Tong, E. M. W. (2022). Specificity in the Study of Mixed Emotions: A Theoretical Framework. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 26(4), 283-314.

    Tong, E. M. W., Reddish, P., Oh, V. Y. S., Ng, W., Sasaki, E., Chin, E. D. A., & Diener, E. (2022). Income robustly predicts self-regard emotions. Emotion, 22(7), 1670-1685.

    Low, A. C. Y., Oh, V. Y. S., Tong, E. M.W., Scarf, D. & Ruffman, T. (2022). Older adults have difficulty decoding emotions from the eyes, whereas Easterners have difficulty decoding emotion from the mouth. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 7408.

    Oh, V. Y. S., Yu, Z., & Tong, E. M. W. (2022). Objective income but not subjective social status predicts short-term and long-term cognitive outcomes: Findings across two large datasets. Social Indicators Research, 162(1), 327-349.

    Yu, Z., Bali, P., Tsikandilakis, P. & Tong, E. M. W. (2022). “Look not at what is contrary to propriety”: A meta-analytic exploration of the association between religiosity and sensitivity to disgust. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(1), 276-299.

    Lin, P. K. F., Ramsay, J. E., Chan, K. Q., Leow, Y., Lim, Y. R. & Tong, E. M. W. (2022). Self-transcendence through self-inhibition? God primes reduce self-accessibility. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 14(1), 31–42.

    Tsikandilakis, M., Leong, M. Q., Yu, Z., Paterakis, G., Bali, P., Derrfuss, J., Mevel, P. A., Milbank, A., Tong, E. M.W., Madan, C., & Mitchell, P. (2022). "Speak of the Devil...and he shall appear": Religiosity, unconsciousness, and the effects of explicit priming in the misception of immorality. Psychological Research, 86(1), 37-65.

    Tan, Ed. Y. Q., Wee, R. R. E., Saw, Y. E., Heng, K. J. Q., Chin, J. W. E., Tong, E. M.W., & Liu, J. C. J. (2021). Tracking private WhatsApp discourse about COVID-19: A longitudinal infodemiology study in Singapore. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(12), e34218.

    Oh, V. Y. S. & Tong, E. M. W. (2021). Mixed emotions, but not positive or negative emotions, facilitate legitimate virus-prevention behaviors and eudaimonic outcomes in the emergence of the COVID-19 crisis. Affective Science, 2(3), 311-323. 

    Keng, S-L, Tong, E. M. W., Yan, E. T. L., Ebstein, R. P., & Lai, P-S. (2021). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on affect dynamics: A randomized controlled trial. Mindfulness, 12(6), 1490–1501.

    Tong, E. M. W., Ng, C. X., Ho, J. B. H., Yap, I. J. L., Chua, E., Ng, J. W. X., Ho, D. Z. Y., & Diener, E. (2021). Gratitude facilitates obedience: New evidence for the social alignment perspective. Emotion, 21(6), 1302–1316.

    Yip, V. T. & Tong, E. M. W. (2021). Self-compassion and attention: Self-compassion facilitates disengagement from negative stimuli. Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(5), 593-609.

    Yong, J. Y. Y., Tong, E. M. W., & Liu, J. C. J. (2021). Meal-time Smartphone Use in an Obesogenic Environment: Two Longitudinal Observational Studies. Journal of Medical Internet Research: Mhealth Uhealth 2021;9(5):e22929

    Yu, Z., Tong, E. M. W., Leung, C-C., Chin, E. D. A., & Lee, P. (2021). Humility predicts resistance to substance use: A self-control perspective. Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(1), 105-115.

    Tong, E. M. W. & Oh, V. Y. S. (2021). Gratitude and adaptive coping among Chinese Singaporeans during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 628937. Invited paper.

    Liu, J. C. J., & Tong, E. M. W. (2020). The relation between official WhatsApp-distributed COVID-19 news exposure and psychological symptoms: Cross-sectional survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9): e22142.

    Yong, J. Y. Y., Tong, E. M. W., & Liu, J. C. J. (2020). When the camera eats first: Exploring how meal-time cell phone photography affects eating behaviours. Appetite, 154:104787 .

    Oh, V. Y. S. & Tong, E. M. W. (2020). Sadness, but not anger or fear, mediates the long-term leisure-cognition link: An emotion-specific approach. Cognition and Emotion, 34(7), 1357-1369.

    Hartanto, A., Yong, J. C., Lee, S. T. H., Ng, W.  Q., & Tong, E. M. W. (2020). Putting adversity in perspective: Purpose in life moderates the link between childhood emotional abuse and neglect and adulthood depressive symptoms. Journal of Mental Health, 29(4), 473-482.

    Oh, V. Y. S. & Tong, E. M. W. (2020). Negative emotion differentiation and long-term physical health - The moderating role of neuroticism. Health Psychology,  39(2), 127–136.

    Reddish, P, Tong, E. M. W., Jong, J., & Whitehouse, H. (2020). Interpersonal synchrony affects performers’ sense of agency. Self and Identity, 19, 389-411.

    Tsikandilakis, M., Kausel, L., Boncompte, G., Yu, Z., Oxner, M., Lanfranco, R.,  Bali, P., Urale, P., Peirce, J., López, V., Tong, E. M. W., William, H., Carmel, D., Derrfuss, J., & Chapman, P. (2019). “There is no face like home”: Ratings for cultural familiarity to own and other facial dialects of emotion with and without conscious awareness in a British sample. Perception, 48(10), 918-947.

    Ramsay, J. E., Tong, E. M. W., Chowdhury, A., & Ho, M. H. R. (2019). Teleological explanation and positive emotion serially mediate the effect of religion on well-being. Journal of Personality, 87, 676-689.

    Tong, E. M. W., Lum, D. J. K., Sasaki, E., & Yu, Z. (2019). Concurrent and temporal relationships between humility and emotional and psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 1343-1358.

    Tong, E. M. W. & Alan Q. H. Teo (2018). The influence of religious primes on the effects of blame appraisals on negative emotions. Cognition, 177, 150-164.

    Keng, S-L., Choo, X., & Tong, E. M .W. (2018). Association between trait mindfulness and variability of coping strategies:  A diary study. Mindfulness, 9, 1423-143 .

    Koh, A. H. Q, Tong, E. M. W., & Yuen, A. Y. L. (2017). The buffering effect of awe on negative affect towards lost possessions. Journal of Positive Psychology, 14, 156-165.

    Yeo, S-N., Zainal, H., Tang, C. S. Tong, E. M. W., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2017). Success/failure condition influences attribution of control, negative affect, and shame among patients with Depression in Singapore. BMC Psychiatry, 17:285..

    Leung, C. C., & Tong, E. M. W. (2017). Gratitude and drug misuse: Role of coping as mediator. Substance Use & Misuse, 52, 1832-1839 .

    Ng, J. W. X., Tong, E. M. W., & Kwek, S. L. (2017). The appraisal similarity effect: How social appraisals influence liking. American Journal of Psychology, 130, 353-366.

    Tong, E. M. W. & Keng, S-L. (2017). The relationship between mindfulness and negative emotion differentiation: A test of multiple mediation pathways. Mindfulness, 8, 933-942.

    Ng, J. W. X., Tong, E. M. W., Sim, D. L. Y., Teo, S. W. Y., Loy, X. & Giesbrecht, T. (2017). Gratitude facilitates private conformity: A test of the social alignment hypothesis. Emotion, 17, 379-387.

    Tong, E. M. W., & Jia, L. (2017). Positive emotion, appraisal, and the role of appraisal overlap in positive emotion blend. Emotion, 17, 40-54.

    Tong, E. M. W. (2017). Spirituality and the temporal dynamics of transcendental positive emotions. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9, 70-81.

    Reddish, P., Tong, E. M. W., Jong, J., Lanman, J. A., & Whitehouse, H. (2016). Collective synchrony increases prosociality towards non-performers and out-group members. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55, 722-738.

    Keng, S.-L., Seah, T. H. S., Tong, E. M. W., & Smoski, M. J. (2016). Effects of brief mindful acceptance induction on implicit dysfunctional attitudes and concordance between implicit and explicit dysfunctional attitudes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 83, 1-10.

    Ho, S-Y., Tong, E. M. W., & Jia, L. (2016). Authentic and hubristic pride: Differential effects on delay of gratification. Emotion, 16, 1147-1156.

    Keng, S-L, & Tong, E. M. W. (2016). Riding the tide of emotions with mindfulness: Mindfulness, affect dynamics, and the mediating role of coping. Emotion, 16, 706-718.

    Ramsay, J. E., Tong, E. M. W., Pang, J. S., & Chowdhury, A. (2016). A puzzle unsolved: Failure to observe different effects of God and religion primes on intergroup attitudes. PloS One, 11: e0147178.

    Tong, E. M. W., Tan, K. W. T., Chor, A. A. B., Koh, E. P. S., Lee, J. S. Y., & Tan, R. W. Y. (2016). Humility facilitates higher self-control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 62, 30–39.

    Lin, P. K. F., Tong, E. M. W., Lee, L., Low, A. H. M., & Gomes, D. (2016). The prosocial impact of God concept priming on God believers. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 3, 93-103.

    Lee, L., Tong, E. M. W., & Sim, D. (2015). The dual upward spirals of gratitude and basic psychological needs. Motivation  Science, 1, 87-97.

    Lim, S. W. H., Yuen, A. Y. L., & Tong, E. M. W. (2015). Global-local visual processing impacts risk-taking behaviors, but only at first. Frontiers in Psychology: Cognition, 6:1257.

    Jia, L., Lee, L., & Tong, E. M. W. (2015). Gratitude facilitates behavioral mimicry. Emotion, 15, 134-138.

    Tong, E. M. W. (2015). Differentiation of 13 positive emotions by appraisals. Cognition and Emotion, 29, 484-503.

    Chan, K. Q., Tong, E. M. W., & Tan, Y. L. (2014). Taking a leap of faith: Reminders of God lead to greater risk taking. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 901-909.

    Tong, E. M. W., Teo, A. Q. H., & Chia, D. Y. S. (2014). Ain’t sure who to blame: Metacognitive influences on appraisal-emotion processes. Motivation and Emotion, 38, 673-686.

    Jia, L., Tong, E. M. W., & Lee, L. (2014). Psychological “gel” to bind individuals’ goal pursuit: Gratitude facilitates goal contagion. Emotion, 14, 748-760.

    Chan, K. Q., Tong, E. M. W., Tan, D. T., & Koh, A. H. Q. (2013). What do love and jealousy taste like? Emotion, 13, 1142-1149.

    Ng, A. S., & Tong, E. W. W. (2013). The relationship between implicit theories of personality and forgiveness. Personal Relationships, 20, 479-494.

    Tong, E. M. W., Tan, D. T., & Tan, Y. L. (2013). Can implicit appraisal concepts produce emotion-specific effects? A focus on unfairness and anger. Consciousness and Cognition, 22, 449-460.

    Tong, E. M. W., Ang M. S., & Chua, A. S. Y. (2013). The attitudinal consequences of thought suppression: A focus on thinness thoughts. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52, 64-82.

    Chan, K. Q., Tong, E. M. W., & Moh, T. A. L. (2012). Nudging you behind your back: The influence of implicit friendship concepts on risk taking. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29, 930-947.

    Wong, L. Y., & Tong, E. M. W. (2012). We boil at different degrees: The role of need for structure on the effect of other-blame core-relational theme on anger. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 716-719.

    Tong, E. M. W., & Tay, K L. H. (2011). S-shaped appraisal-emotion relationships: The role of neuroticism. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 487-493.

    Chang, W. C., Osman, M. M., Tong, E. M. W., & Tan, D. (2011). Self-construal and subjective wellbeing in two ethnic communities in Singapore. Psychology, 2, 63-70.

    Tong, E. M. W., & Yang, Z. Y. (2011). Moral Hypocrisy: Of proud and grateful people. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 159-165.

    Kuppens, P., & Tong, E. M. W. (2010). An appraisal account of individual differences in emotional experience. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 1138-1150.

    Yang, Z., & Tong, E. M. W. (2010). The effects of subliminal anger and sadness primes on agency appraisals. Emotion, 10, 915-922.

    Tong, E. M. W., Fredrickson, B. L., Chang W., & Lim, Z. X. (2010). Re-examining hope: The roles of agency thinking and pathways thinking. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 1207-1215.

    Tong, E. M. W. (2010). The sufficiency and necessity of appraisals for negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 692-701.

    Tong, E. M. W. (2010). Personality influences in appraisal-emotion relationships: The role of Neuroticism. Journal of Personality, 78, 393-417.

    Jonassaint, C. R., Why, Y. P., Bishop, G. D., Tong, E. M. W., Diong, S. M., Enkelmann, H. C., Khader, M., & Ang, J. (2009). The effects of Neuroticism and Extraversion on cardiovascular reactivity during a mental and an emotional stress task. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 74, 274-279.

    Tong, E. M. W., Ellsworth, P. C., & Bishop, G. D. (2009). An s-shaped relationship between changes in appraisals and changes in emotions. Emotion, 9, 821-837.

    Yap, A. J., & Tong, E. M. W. (2009). The appraisal rebound effect: Cognitive appraisals on the rebound. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1208-1219.

    Tong, E. M. W., Bishop, G. D., Enklemann, H. C., Why, Y. P., Diong, S. M., Khader, M. A. & Ang, J. C. H. (2009). Appraisal Underpinnings of Affective Chronometry: The Role of Appraisals in Emotion Habituation. Journal of Personality, 77, 1103-1136.

    Tong, E. M. W., Bishop, G. D., Enklemann, H. C., Diong, S. M., Why, Y. P., Khader, M. A. & Ang, J. C. H. (2009). Emotion and appraisal profiles of the needs for competence and relatedness. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 31, 218-225.

    Tong, E. M. W., & Chang, W. (2008). Group Entity Belief: An individual difference construct based on implicit theories of social identities. Journal of Personality, 76, 707-732.

    Tong, E. M. W., Tan. C. R. M., Latheef, N. A., Selamat, M. F. B. & Tan, D. K. B. (2008). Conformity: Moods Matter. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 601-611.

    Tong, E. M. W., Bishop, G. D., Enklemann, H. C., Why, Y. P., Diong, S. M., Khader, M. A. & Ang, J. C. H. (2007). Emotion and appraisal: A study using ecological momentary assessment. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 1361-1381.

    Tong, E. M. W., Chang, W. C., & Koh, L. S. (2007). Multiple paths to global self-esteem: Self-esteem construction as a function of attribute types. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 856-867.

    Ellsworth, P. C. & Tong, E. M. W. (2006). What does it mean to be angry at yourself? Categories, appraisals, and the problem of language. Emotion, 6, 572-586.

    Tong, E. M. W., Bishop, G. D., Enklemann, H. C., Why, Y. P., Diong, S. M., Khader, M. A. & Ang, J. C. H. (2006). Appraisal theories of emotions: The role of the Big Five in emotions and appraisal. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 513-523.

    Tong, E. M. W., Bishop, G. D., Enklemann, H. C., Why, Y. P., Diong, S. M., Khader, M. A. & Ang, J. C. H. (2005). The use of Ecological Momentary Assessment to test appraisal theories of emotion. Emotion, 5, 508-512.

    Diong, S. M., Bishop, G. D., Enkelmann, H. C., Tong, E. M. W., Why, Y. P., Ang, J. C. H., & Khader, M. (2005). Anger, stress, coping, social support, and health: Modeling the Relationships. Health and Psychology, 40, 467-495.

    Enkelmann, H. C., Bishop, G. D., Tong, E. M. W., Diong, S. M., Why, Y. P., Khader, M., & Ang, J. C. H. (2005). The relationship of hostility, negative affect, and ethnicity to cardiovascular responses: An ambulatory study in Singapore. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 56, 185-197.

    Tong, E. M. W., Bishop, G. D., Diong, S. M., Enklemann, H. C., Why, Y. P., Ang, J. C. H., & Khader, M. A. (2004). Social support and personality among male police officers in Singapore. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 109-123.

    Bishop, G. D., Enklemann, H. C., Tong, E. M. W., Why, Y. P., Diong, S. M., Ang, J. C. H.  & Khader, M. A. (2003). Job demands, psychological control, and cardiovascular responses: A test of the Demand-Control Model using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8, 146-156.

    Why, Y. P., Bishop, G. D., Tong, E. M. W., Diong, S. M., Enkelmann, H. C., Khader, M., & Ang, J. C. H. (2003). Cardiovascular reactivity of Singaporean males as a function of task, ethnicity and interpersonal hostility. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 49, 99-110.

    Bishop, G. D., Tong, E. M. W., Diong, S. M., Enklemann, H. C., Why, Y. P.,  Khader, M. A., & Ang, J. C. H.  (2001). The relationship between coping and personality among police officers in Singapore. Journal of Research in  Personality, 35, 353-374.

    Tong, E. M. W., & Chang, W. (2000). Intergroup conflict resolution: A review of major proposed model. Asian Psychologist, 2, 19-37.

    Publication (journal articles and book chapters - my contribution is minimal: mostly large cross-national studies and restricted to data collection)

    Tsikandilakis, M., Bali, P., Yu, Z., Tong, E. M. W., Karlis, A-K, Milbank, A., Mevel, P-A, Derrfuss, J., & Madan, C. (in-press). The many faces of sorrow: An empirical exploration of the psychological plurality of sadness. Current Psychology.

    Kirkland, K., Crimston, C., Jetten, J., Rudnev, M., Acevedo-Triana, C., Amiot, C. E., Baguma, P., Barry, O., Becker, M., Bilewicz, M., Boonyasiriwat, W., Castelain, T., Costantini, G., Dimdins, G., Espinosa, A., Finchilescu, G., Fischer, R., Friese, M., Gastardo-Conaco, M. C., González, R. G., Goto, N., Gómez, A., Halama, P., Jiga-Boy, G. M., Keeran, L. M., Kuppens, P., Ausmees, L., Loughnan, S., Markovik, M., Mastor, K. A., McLatchie, N., Onyekachi, B. N., Peker, M. Rizwan, M., Schaller, M., Suh, E. M., Talaifar, S., Tong, E. M. W., Torres, A., Turner, R. N., Van Lange, P., Vauclair, C-M., Vinogradov, A., Wang, Z., Yeung, V. W. L., & Bastian, B. (in-press).  Moral expansiveness across cultures: The role of societal factors in 36 countries. Social and Personality Psychological Science.

    Tanjitpiyanond, P., Jetten, J., Peters, K., Ashokkumar, A., Barry, O., Billet, M., Becker, M., Booth, R. W., Castro, D., Chinchilla, J., Costantini, G., Dejonckheere, E., Dimdins, G., Erbas, Y., Espinosa, A., Finchilescu, G., Gómez, A., González, R., Goto, A., Hatano, A., Hartwich, L., Jarukasemthawee, S., Karunagharan, J. K., Novak, L. M., Kim, J. P., Kohút, M. Liu, Y., Loughnan, S., Onyishi, I. E., Onyishi, C. N., Varela, M., Pattara-angkoon, I. S., Peker, M., Pisitsungkagarn, K., Rizwan, M. Suh, E. M., Swann, W., Tong, E. M. W., Turner, R. N. Vanhasbroeck, N. Van Lange, P., A. M., Vauclair, C-M. Vinogradov, A., Wacera, G., Wang, Z., Wibisono, S., & Yeung V. W-L. (in-press). A 32-society investigation of how perceived economic inequality shapes social class stereotyping. European Journal of Social Psychology.

    Hornsey, M. J., Pearson, S., Kang, J., Sassenberg, K., Jetten, J., Van Lange, P. A. M., Medina, L. G., Amiot, C. E., Ausmees, L., Baguma, P., Barry, O., Becker, M., Bilewicz, M., Castelain, T., Costantini, G., Dimdins, G., Espinosa, A., Finchilescu, G., Friese, M., González, R., Goto, N., Gómez, A., Halama, P., Ilustrisimo, R., Jiga-Boy, G. M., Karl, J., Kuppens, P., Loughnan, S., Markovikj, M., Mastor, K. A., McLatchie, N., Novak, L. M., Onyekachi, B. M., Peker, M. Rizwan, M., Schaller, M., Suh, E. M., Talaifar, S., Tong, E. M. W., Torres, A., Turner, R. N.,  Vauclair, C-M., Vinogradov, A., Wang, Z., Yeung, V. W. L., & Bastian, B. (2023). Multinational data show that conspiracy beliefs are associated with the perception (and reality) of poor national economic performance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 53(1), 78-89 .  

    Kirkland, K., Van Lange, P. A. M., Van Doesum, N. J., Acevedo-Triana, C., Amiot, C. E.,  Ausmees, L., Baguma, P., Barry, O., Becker, M., Bilewicz, M. Boonyasiriwat, W., Castelain, T., Costantini, G., Dimdins, G., Espinosa, A., Finchilescu, G., Fischer, R., Friese, M., Gómez, A., González, R., Goto, N., Halama, P., Ilustrisimo, R. D., Jiga-Boy, G. M., Kuppens, P., Loughnan, S., Markovik, M., Mastor, K. A., McLatchie, N., Novak, L. M., Onyishi, L. E., Peker, m., Rizwan, M., Schaller, M., Suh, E. M., Swann, Jr, W. B., Tong, E. M. W., Torres, A., Turner, R. N., Vauclair, C-M., Vinogradov, A., Wang, Z., Yeung, V. W. L., & Bastian, B. (­2022). Social Mindfulness Predicts Concern for Nature and Immigrants Across 36 Nations. Scientific Report, 12(1), 22102.

    Lang, M., Xygalatas, D., Kavanagh, C. M., Boccardi, N., Halberstadt, Jackson, Ch., Martínez, M., Reddish, P., Tong, E. M. W., Vazquez, A., Whitehouse, H., Yamamoto, M. E., Yuki, M., & Gomez, A. (2022). Outgroup threat and the emergence of cohesive groups: A cross-cultural examination. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 25(7), 1739-1759.

    Dejonckheere, E., Rhee, R., Baguma, P. K., Barry, O., Becker, M., Bilewicz, M., Castelain, T., Costantini, G., Dimdins, G., Espinosa, A., Finchilescu, G., Friese, M., Gastardo-Conaco, M. C., Gómez, A., González, R.,  Goto, N., Halama, P., Hurtado-Parrado, C., Jiga-Boy, G. M., Karl, J. A., Novak, L., Ausmees, L., Loughnan, S., Mastor, K. A., McLatchie, N., Onyishi, I. E., Rizwan, M., Schaller, M., Serafimovska, E., Suh, E. M., Swann, Jr., W. B., Tong, E. M., W., Torres, A., Turner, R. N., Vinogradov, R., Wang, Z., Yeung, V. W-l., Amiot, C. E., Boonyasiriwat, W., Peker. M., Van Lange, P. A. M., Vauclair, C-M., Kuppens, P., & Bastian, B. (2022). Perceiving societal pressure to be happy is linked to poor well-being, especially in happy nations. Scientific Report, 12(1), 1514.

    Soriano, C., Fontaine, J. R. J., Scherer, K. R., Akirmak, G. A., Alarcon, P., Alonso-Arbiol, I., Bellelli, G., Perez-Aranibar, C. C.  Eid, M., Ellsworth, P., Galati, D., Hareli, S., Hess, U., Ishii, K., Jonker, C., Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B., Meiring, D., Mortillaro, M., Niiya, Y., Ogarkova, A., Panasenko, N., Protopapas, A., Realo, A., Ricci-Bitti, P., E., Shen, Y., Sheu, C., Siiroinen, M., Sunar, D., Tissari, H., Tong, E., M. W., van Osch, Y., Wong, S., Yeung, D., & Zitouni, A. (2013). Cross-cultural data collection with the GRID instrument. In K. R. Scherer, J. R. J. Fontaine, & C. Soriano (Eds.). Components of emotional meaning: A sourcebook, pp. 98-105. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; US.

    Publication (book chapters and encyclopedia entries)

    Tong, E. M. W. (accepted). Hope. In Virgil Zeigler, H., and Shackelford, T. K. (Eds), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences.

    Tong, E. M. W. (2015). Hope and hopelessness. Wright, J. D., Berry, J., and Roberts, R. D. (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences (2nd Ed.).

    Smith, C. A., Tong, E. M. W., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2014). The differentiation of positive emotional experience as viewed through the lens of appraisal theory. In Tugade, M., Shiota, L. & Kirby, L (Eds), Handbook of Positive Emotions (pp. 11-27).  New York: Guilford.

    Tong, E. M. W. (2013). Cognitive appraisals can differentiate positive emotions: The role of social appraisals. In K. R. Scherer, J. R. J. Fontaine, & C. Soriano (Eds.). Components of emotional meaning: A sourcebook, pp. 507-511. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; US.

    Bishop, G. D., Tong, E. M. W., Diong, S. M., Why, Y. P., Enklemann, H. C., Khader, M. A., Ang, J. C. H., Tan, V. L. M., & Koh, D. S. Q (2007). Stress on patrol: Stress and coping among Singapore patrol officers. In K. B. Chan (Ed.), Work stress and coping among professionals (pp. 61-84). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill.

    Publication (others)

    Tong, E. M. W. (2016). The best context for hope. In Bormans, L. (Ed.), The World Book of Hope: The Source of Success, Strength and Happiness (pp. 352-354). Lannoo Publishers.

    Ph.D. Dissertation
    Tong, E. M. W. (2007). Appraisal processes in emotional experiences. PhD Dissertation. University of Michigan

Other Information

Journal Contribution

2021-present   Associate Editor: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

2016-2018       Editorial Board: Asian Journal of Social Psychology

2009-present   Editorial Board: Motivation and Emotion

2011-2015       Editorial Board: Emotion

2017-present   Editorial Board: Emotion

2021-present   Editorial Board: Frontiers: Positive Psychology

2005-present   Ad Hoc Reviewer: American Journal of Psychology, Asian Journal of Social Psychology, British Journal of Social Psychology, Cognition and Emotion, Emotion Review, European Journal of Marketing, European Journal of Personality, Frontiers in Emotion, Journal of Consumer Psychology, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Journal of Family Psychology, Journal of Happiness Studies, Journal of Individual Differences, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of Personality, Journal of Positive Psychology, Journal of Research in Personality, Journal of Religion and Spirituality, Journal of Social and Personal Relationship, Mindfulness, Motivational Science, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Motivation and Emotion, Personal Relationships, Personality and Individual Differences



 


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